Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
A
Abortion
surgical
IUD insertion after, 583–591 (See also Intrauterine device (IUD) insertion)
ACA. See Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Adolescent(s)
cognitive development in, 632
contraception for, 631–645
access to, 638–639
barrier methods, 637
CHC, 636–637
contraceptive patch, 637
contraceptive ring, 637
copper IUD, 634–635
discussion during reproductive health visit, 633
ENG implant, 634
introduction, 631–632
IUDs
special considerations for, 635
LARC methods, 633
LNG IUDs, 634
options, 633–637
POPs, 636
postpregnancy insertion, 635
progestin-only methods, 636
successful programs for, 639
high-risk behavior among, 632
OTC access to OCs by, 623–624
PID testing in, 635
pregnancy in
costs related to, 631–632
prevalence of, 631–632
reproductive health education for, 638
STI testing in, 635
Adolescent health, 632
Adolescent reproductive health visit, 632–633
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
contraceptive coverage and, 605–617
discussion, 613–614
contraceptive coverage mandate, 607–614 (See also Contraceptive coverage mandate, of ACA)
described, 605–607
in family planning, 607
implementation of
challenges related to, 610–611
legal challenges to, 609–610
in Medicaid expansion, 607
in preventive health care, 605–607
Antibiotic(s)
before immediate IUD insertion after surgical abortion, 585
Antidiuretics
for unscheduled bleeding associated with copper IUD, 596
Antifibrinolytic agents
for unscheduled bleeding associated with copper IUD, 596
for unscheduled bleeding associated with LNG IUD, 597
Antiprogestins
for unscheduled bleeding associated with ENG implant, 600
for unscheduled bleeding associated with LNG IUD, 598
B
Barrier methods
in adolescent contraception, 637
Bleeding
COCs and, 674–675
unscheduled
LARC–related
therapeutic options for, 593–603 (See also Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), unscheduled bleeding associated with, therapeutic options for)
BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)
Body mass index (BMI)
contraceptive use related to, 649
epidemiology of obesity and, 648–649
sexual behavior related to, 649
C
Cesarean section
sterilization with, 717
CHC. See Combined hormonal contraception (CHC)
COCs. See Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Combined hormonal contraception (CHC)
for adolescents, 636–637
bleeding profile with, 674–675
efficacy of, 672–673
initiation of
examination and tests prior to, 665
non-oral, 676–677
progestogen in
VTE risk related to, 683–698
background risks, 687–689
introduction, 683–684
safety of, 673–674
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), 669–681
bleeding profile with, 674–675
efficacy of, 672–673
extended and continuous
development of, 671–672
flexible and tailored regimens of, 676
introduction, 669–670
patient acceptability of, 675–676
physiology of
VTE related to, 686–687
regimen types
described, 670–671
safety of, 673–674
terminology related to, 670–671
in treatment of menstrual symptoms, 675
Confidentiality
during adolescent reproductive health visit, 633
Contraception. See also specific methods
ACA and, 605–608
for adolescents
providing, 631–645 (See also Adolescent(s), contraception for)
emergency, 699–712 (See also Emergency contraception (EC))
hormonal
without prescription
women's interest in, 620–621
initiation of
after EC, 706
long-acting reversible
in decreasing unplanned pregnancy, 557–567 (See Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC))
methods of (See also specific methods)
initiation of, 659–667 (See also Contraceptive method initiation)
in obese/overweight women, 647–657 (See also Obese/overweight women, contraceptive methods for)
postpartum intrauterine
immediate, 569–582 (See also Postpartum intrauterine contraception (PPIUC), immediate)
weight effects of, 653–654
in women of different BMIs, 649
Contraception CHOICE project, 639
Contraceptive CHOICE project, 563–564
Contraceptive coverage
ACA on, 605–617 (See also Affordable Care Act (ACA))
Contraceptive coverage mandate
of ACA, 607–608
compliance with, 609
discussion, 613–614
legal challenges facing, 611–613
limitations and inconsistencies with compliance to, 608–609
Medicaid expansion and expanded contraceptive access, 608
no-cost contraceptive coverage expansion, 608
implementation of
status of
progress and delays, 608–614
Contraceptive method initiation, 659–667
described, 660–663
examination and tests prior to, 664–665
follow-up care, 665
introduction, 659–660
postabortion, 664
postpartum, 663
in special circumstances, 663–664
Contraceptive patch
in adolescents, 637
Contraceptive ring
in adolescents, 637
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 651
Copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD)
in adolescents, 634–635
described, 703
in EU, 703–704
mechanism of action of, 703
safety of, 703
side effects of, 703–704
unscheduled bleeding associated with
therapeutic options for, 594–596
Cu-IUD. See Copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD)
D
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)
in adolescents, 636
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 650
DMPA. See Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)
E
EC. See Emergency contraception (EC)
Electrocoagulation
laparoscopic
in female sterilization, 715
Emergency contraception (EC), 699–712
copper IUD, 703–704
increasing access to, 706–707
introduction, 699–701
LNG-containing EC pill, 705
oral EC interactions with other medications, 706
oral forms of, 704–705
pregnancy risk with, 701–703
UPA in, 704
when to start contraception after, 706
Yuzpe method, 705–706
ENG implant. See Etonogestrel (ENG) implant
Estrogen
for unscheduled bleeding associated with LNG IUD, 598
Etonogestrel (ENG) implant
for adolescents, 634
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 650
unscheduled bleeding associated with
therapeutic options for, 598–601
F
Family planning
ACA in, 607
G
Grandfathered plans
contraceptive coverage mandate of ACA and, 608–609
H
Hysteroscopy
microinserts placement via
in transcervical sterilization, 718–719
I
Immediate intrauterine device (IUD) insertion
after surgical abortion, 583–591 (See also Intrauterine device (IUD), immediate, after surgical abortion)
Injectable progestins
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 650
Insurance
contraception for adolescents through, 638
Intrauterine device(s) (IUDs)
in adolescents
special considerations for, 635
copper (See Copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD))
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 649–650
Intrauterine device (IUD) insertion
after first trimester surgical abortion, 585–586
after second trimester surgical abortion, 586–587
immediate
after surgical abortion, 583–591
background of, 583–584
bleeding patterns, 587–588
complications of, 588–589
continuation and expulsion, 584
follow-up care, 588
patient experience with, 589
preprocedure preparation, 584–585
safety issues, 588–589
ultrasound guidance in, 587
initiation of
examination and tests prior to, 664
IUDs. See Intrauterine device(s) (IUDs)
L
Laparoscopy
in female sterilization, 714–717
adverse effects of, 716
comparison of techniques, 716
electrocoagulation in, 715
mechanical occlusion, 715–716
tubal sterilization failure after, 716–717
LARC. See Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)
Legal issues
ACA–related, 609–610
Levonorgestrel (LNG)-containing emergency contraceptive pill, 705
Levonorgestrel (LNG) intrauterine device (IUD)
for adolescents, 634
unscheduled bleeding associated with
therapeutic options for, 596–598
LNG IUD. See Levonorgestrel (LNG) intrauterine device (IUD)
Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)
for adolescents, 633
in decreasing unplanned pregnancy, 557–567
barriers to use of, 559–562
health care systems issues, 561–562
providers issues, 561
women's issues, 559–560
increased use of, 557–567
in Colorado, 564
Contraceptive CHOICE project, 563–564
introduction, 557–558
in Iowa, 564
results of, 562–564
OTC access to OCs effects on, 624
unscheduled bleeding associated with
therapeutic options for, 593–603
copper IUD, 594–596
ENG implant, 598–601
introduction, 593–594
LNG IUD, 596–598
vs. short-acting contraceptive methods
efficacy of, 558–559
M
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors
for unscheduled bleeding associated with ENG implant, 600
MEC. See Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC)
Mechanical occlusion
laparoscopic
in female sterilization, 715–716
Medicaid
ACA in expansion of, 607
contraception for adolescents through, 638–639
Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC)
in contraceptive use among obese/overweight women, 652
Menstrual symptoms
treatment of
COCs in, 675
MMP inhibitors. See Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors
N
Non-oral combined hormonal contraception (CHC), 676–677
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
for unscheduled bleeding
Cu-IUD–related, 595–596
ENG implant–related, 599–600
LNG IUD–related, 597
NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
O
Obese/overweight women
contraceptive efficacy in, 649–652
contraceptive methods for, 647–657
efficacy of, 649–652
introduction, 647–648
pharmacodynamics of, 649–652
pharmacokinetics of, 649–652
risks related to, 652–653
Obesity
defined, 648
epidemiology of, 648–649
prevalence of, 647
OCs. See Oral contraceptives (OCs)
Open abdominal sterilization methods
female, 717
Opportunistic salpingectomy, 717–718
Oral contraceptives (OCs)
combined, 669–681 (See also Combined oral contraceptives (COCs))
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 650–651
OTC access to, 619–629
adolescents use of, 623–624
areas of concern related to, 623–625
cost and insurance coverage issues, 623
effectiveness of, 621–622
introduction, 619–620
lack of familiarity with POPs, 625
lost opportunity to counsel about LARC methods related to, 624
ongoing use
evidence regarding, 622–623
preventive screening related to, 624
safety of, 621–622
support among professional medical and nursing groups, 625–626
women's interest in, 620–621
OTC access. See Over-the-counter (OTC) access
Over-the-counter (OTC) access
to OCs, 619–629 (See also Oral contraceptives (OCs), OTC access to)
Overweight
defined, 648
P
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
testing for
in adolescents, 635
Perforation
IUD insertion after surgical abortion and, 588
PID. see Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
POPs. See Progestin-only pills (POPs)
Postabortion contraceptive method initiation, 664
Postpartum contraceptive method initiation, 663
Postpartum intrauterine contraception (PPIUC)
described, 570
immediate, 569–582
complications of, 579
expulsion rate with, 578–579
indications for, 570–571
introduction, 569
patient evaluation prior to, 579–581
placement of, 571–578
PPIUC. See Postpartum intrauterine contraception (PPIUC)
Pregnancy
EC and
risks factors for, 701–703
unplanned
LARCS in decreasing, 557–567 (See also Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), in decreasing unplanned pregnancy)
Preventive health care
ACA in, 605–607
Progestin(s)
injectable
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 650
third- and fourth-generation
VTE risks related to
contraceptive ring and patch, 692
first pill scare, 691
history of, 689–693
prospective studies, 692–693
second pill scare, 691–692
Progestin-only contraception
in adolescents, 636
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
for adolescents, 636
lack of familiarity with
OTC access to OCs and, 625
Progestogen(s)
in CHC
VTE risk related to, 683–698 (See also Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), progestogen in)
types of, 684–686
S
Salpingectomy
opportunistic, 717–718
School-based health centers
contraception for adolescents at, 638
Selective progesterone receptor modulators
for unscheduled bleeding associated with LNG IUD, 598
Sexual behavior
discussion about
during adolescent reproductive health visit, 633
of women of different BMIs, 649
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
discussion about
during adolescent reproductive health visit, 633
screening for
before immediate IUD insertion after surgical abortion, 584–585
testing for
in adolescents, 635
Sterilization, 713–724
female
after cesarean section, 717
contraindications to, 720
counseling related to, 719–720
failure of, 720
laparoscopy, 714–717 (See also Laparoscopy)
open abdominal methods in, 717
opportunistic salpingectomy, 717–718
transcervical, 718–719
tubal
failure after laparoscopic sterilization, 716–717
introduction, 713–714
male, 720–721
costs related to, 721
sterilization reversal, 721
vasectomy, 721
Sterilization reversal
male, 721
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Surgical abortion
first trimester
IUD insertion after, 585–586
immediate IUD insertion after, 583–591 (See also Intrauterine device (IUD) insertion, immediate, after surgical abortion)
second trimester
IUD insertion after, 586–587
T
Thromboembolism
venous (See Venous thromboembolism (VTE))
Title X
contraception for adolescents through, 638–639
Transcervical sterilization, 718–719
Transdermal patch
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 651–652
Tubal sterilization
failure of
after laparoscopic sterilization, 716–717
U
Ulipristal acetate (UPA)
in EC, 704
Ultrasound
in IUD placement after surgical abortion, 587
Unplanned pregnancy
LARC in decreasing, 557–567 (See also Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), in decreasing unplanned pregnancy)
in women of different BMI groups, 648–649
UPA. See Ulipristal acetate (UPA)
V
Vaginal ring
in adolescents, 637
in obese/overweight women
efficacy of, 651
Vasectomy
costs related to, 721
Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
COCs physiology and, 686–687
contraceptive use among obese/overweight women and, 652–653
progestogen in CHC and, 683–698 (See also Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), progestogen in)
VTE. See Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
W
Weight
contraceptive effects on, 653–654
Y
Yuzpe method
in EC, 705–706
