Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 50, ISSUE 1, P39-78, March 2023

Antihypertensives in Pregnancy

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Bateman B.T.
        • Bansil P.
        • Hernandez-Diaz S.
        • et al.
        Prevalence, trends, and outcomes of chronic hypertension: a nationwide sample of delivery admissions.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 206: 134 e131-138
        • Freaney P.M.
        • Harrington K.
        • Molsberry R.
        • et al.
        Temporal trends in adverse pregnancy outcomes in birthing individuals aged 15 to 44 years in the United States, 2007 to 2019.
        J Am Heart Assoc. 2022; 11: e025050
        • Tita A.T.
        • Szychowski J.M.
        • Boggess K.
        • et al.
        Treatment for mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy.
        N Engl J Med. 2022; 386 (1533-4406 (Electronic)): 1781-1792
        • Whelton P.K.
        • Carey R.M.
        • Aronow W.S.
        • et al.
        2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.
        Circulation. 2018; 138: e484-e594
        • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics
        Chronic hypertension in pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 203.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 133: e26-e50
        • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics
        Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 135: e237-e260
        • Society for Maternal-Fetal M.
        • Publications Committee
        Electronic address pso. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Statement: Antihypertensive therapy for mild chronic hypertension in pregnancy-The Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy trial.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022; 227: B24-B27
        • ACoOa Gynecologists
        Clinical Guidance for the Integration of the Findings of the Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy (CHAP) Study. ACOG. Practice advisory Web site.
        (Available at:) (. Published 2022. Updated April 2022. Accessed July 11, 2022)
        • Bone J.N.
        • Sandhu A.
        • Abalos E.D.
        • et al.
        Oral antihypertensives for nonsevere pregnancy hypertension: systematic review, network meta- and trial sequential analyses.
        Hypertension. 2022; 79: 614-628
        • Nakhai-Pour H.R.
        • Rey E.
        • Berard A.
        Antihypertensive medication use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations or small-for-gestational-age newborns.
        Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2010; 89: 147-154
        • Yakoob M.Y.
        • Bateman B.T.
        • Ho E.
        • et al.
        The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to beta-blockers early in pregnancy: a meta-analysis.
        Hypertension. 2013; 62: 375-381
        • Bellos I.
        • Pergialiotis V.
        • Papapanagiotou A.
        • et al.
        Comparative efficacy and safety of oral antihypertensive agents in pregnant women with chronic hypertension: a network metaanalysis.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 223: 525-537
        • Duan L.
        • Ng A.
        • Chen W.
        • et al.
        Beta-blocker subtypes and risk of low birth weight in newborns.
        J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018; 20: 1603-1609
        • Baggio M.R.
        • Martins W.P.
        • Calderon A.C.
        • et al.
        Changes in fetal and maternal Doppler parameters observed during acute severe hypertension treatment with hydralazine or labetalol: a randomized controlled trial.
        Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011; 37: 53-58
        • Abalos E.
        • Duley L.
        • Steyn D.W.
        • et al.
        Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 10: CD002252
        • Fitton C.A.
        • Fleming M.
        • Steiner M.F.C.
        • et al.
        In utero antihypertensive medication exposure and neonatal outcomes: a data linkage cohort study.
        Hypertension. 2020; 75: 628-633
        • von Dadelszen P.
        • Magee L.A.
        Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: an updated metaregression analysis.
        J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002; 24: 941-945
        • Orbach H.
        • Matok I.
        • Gorodischer R.
        • et al.
        Hypertension and antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy and perinatal outcomes.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 208: 301 e301-306
        • Davis R.L.
        • Eastman D.
        • McPhillips H.
        • et al.
        Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy.
        Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011; 20: 138-145
        • Weber-Schoendorfer C.
        • Hannemann D.
        • Meister R.
        • et al.
        The safety of calcium channel blockers during pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter, observational study.
        Reprod Toxicol. 2008; 26: 24-30
        • Sorensen H.T.
        • Czeizel A.E.
        • Rockenbauer M.
        • et al.
        The risk of limb deficiencies and other congenital abnormalities in children exposed in utero to calcium channel blockers.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001; 80: 397-401
        • Ariyuki F.
        Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride on embryonic development: species differences in the susceptibility and stage specificity in mice, rats, and rabbits.
        Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1975; 52: 103-117
        • Bateman B.T.
        • Huybrechts K.F.
        • Maeda A.
        • et al.
        Calcium channel blocker exposure in late pregnancy and the risk of neonatal seizures.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 126: 271-278
        • Moretti M.M.
        • Fairlie F.M.
        • Akl S.
        • et al.
        The effect of nifedipine therapy on fetal and placental Doppler waveforms in preeclampsia remote from term.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 163: 1844-1848
        • Cockburn J.
        • Moar V.A.
        • Ounsted M.
        • et al.
        Final report of study on hypertension during pregnancy: the effects of specific treatment on the growth and development of the children.
        Lancet. 1982; 1: 647-649
        • Hoeltzenbein M.
        • Beck E.
        • Fietz A.K.
        • et al.
        Pregnancy outcome after first trimester use of methyldopa: a prospective cohort study.
        Hypertension. 2017; 70: 201-208
        • Al Khalaf S.
        • Khashan A.S.
        • Chappell L.C.
        • et al.
        Role of antihypertensive treatment and blood pressure control in the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study of linked electronic health records.
        Hypertension. 2022; 79 (101161HYPERTENSIONAHA12218920): 1548-1558
        • Wicinski M.
        • Malinowski B.
        • Puk O.
        • et al.
        Methyldopa as an inductor of postpartum depression and maternal blues: a review.
        Biomed Pharmacother. 2020; 127: 110196
        • Lamont R.F.
        • Elder M.G.
        Transfer of hydralazine across the placenta and into breast milk.
        J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986; 7: 47-48
        • Derham R.J.
        • Robinson J.
        Severe preeclampsia: is vasodilation therapy with hydralazine dangerous for the preterm fetus?.
        Am J Perinatol. 1990; 7: 239-244
        • Duley L.
        • Meher S.
        • Jones L.
        Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 7: CD001449
        • Collins R.
        • Fau-Yusuf S.
        • Yusuf S.
        • et al.
        Overview of randomised trials of diuretics in pregnancy.
        Br Med J. 1985; 290 (Print): 0267-0623
        • George J.D.
        • Price C.J.
        • Tyl R.W.
        • et al.
        The evaluation of the developmental toxicity of hydrochlorothiazide in mice and rats.
        Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995; 26: 174-180
        • Sibai B.M.
        • Grossman R.A.
        • Grossman H.G.
        Effects of diuretics on plasma volume in pregnancies with long-term hypertension.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 150: 831-835
        • Churchill D.
        • Beevers G.D.
        • Meher S.
        • et al.
        Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 1: CD004451
        • Beermann B.
        • Fahraeus L.
        • Groschinsky-Grind M.
        • et al.
        Placental transfer of hydrochlorothiazide.
        Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1980; 11: 45-48
        • Robertson R.T.
        • Minsker D.H.
        • Bokelman D.L.
        • et al.
        Potassium loss as a causative factor for skeletal malformations in rats produced by indacrinone: a new investigational loop diuretic.
        Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1981; 60: 142-150
        • Wang L.A.
        • Smith P.B.
        • Laughon M.
        • et al.
        Prolonged furosemide exposure and risk of abnormal newborn hearing screen in premature infants.
        Early Hum Dev. 2018; 125: 26-30
        • Cooper W.O.
        • Hernandez-Diaz S.
        • Arbogast P.G.
        • et al.
        Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors.
        N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 2443-2451
        • Ruys T.P.
        • Maggioni A.
        • Johnson M.R.
        • et al.
        Cardiac medication during pregnancy, data from the ROPAC.
        Int J Cardiol. 2014; 177: 124-128
        • Bateman B.T.
        • Patorno E.
        • Desai R.J.
        • et al.
        Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2017; 129: 174-184
        • Bullo M.
        • Tschumi S.
        • Bucher B.S.
        • et al.
        Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists: a systematic review.
        Hypertension. 2012; 60: 444-450
        • Yin J.
        • Mei Z.
        • Shi S.
        • et al.
        Nifedipine or amlodipine? The choice for hypertension during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022; 306: 1891-1900
        • Sridharan K.
        • Sequeira R.P.
        Drugs for treating severe hypertension in pregnancy: a network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials.
        Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 84: 1906-1916
        • Magee L.A.
        • Cham C.
        • Waterman E.J.
        • et al.
        Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis.
        BMJ. 2003; 327: 955-960
        • Shekhar S.
        • Gupta N.
        • Kirubakaran R.
        • et al.
        Oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for severe hypertension during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        BJOG. 2016; 123: 40-47
        • Shekhar S.
        • Sharma C.
        • Thakur S.
        • et al.
        Oral nifedipine or intravenous labetalol for hypertensive emergency in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 122: 1057-1063
        • Alavifard S.
        • Chase R.
        • Janoudi G.
        • et al.
        First-line antihypertensive treatment for severe hypertension in pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
        Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019; 18: 179-187
        • Ditisheim A.
        • Wuerzner G.
        • Ponte B.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of hypertensive phenotypes after preeclampsia: a prospective cohort study.
        Hypertension. 2018; 71: 103-109
        • Benschop L.
        • Duvekot J.J.
        • Versmissen J.
        • et al.
        Blood pressure profile 1 year after severe preeclampsia.
        Hypertension. 2018; 71: 491-498
        • Ramlakhan K.P.
        • Johnson M.R.
        • Roos-Hesselink J.W.
        Pregnancy and cardiovascular disease.
        Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020; 17: 718-731
        • Cairns A.E.
        • Pealing L.
        • Duffy J.M.N.
        • et al.
        Postpartum management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review.
        BMJ Open. 2017; 7: e018696
        • Tamargo J.
        • Caballero R.
        • Delpon E.
        Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in pregnant patients: special considerations.
        Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019; 20: 963-982
        • Koren G.
        • Pariente G.
        Pregnancy-associated changes in pharmacokinetics and their clinical implications.
        Pharm Res. 2018; 35: 61